Ring B: 5/20: Tæĺf

Het færl - jeśe þændək zyɬbō kyŕkō þá siɬ nāmyjáð ljáfstr.
this story - young man winter.postBF sadness.postBF ACC put_aside.postBF how-3rd.sg about


Zyɬbo ljáp vyrdō ljáp dys brer tēmeftək kærbəɬ haðyðēa lajklybámáð þá riśtsājáð.
winter.postBF GEN middle.postBF GEN month.postBF LOC-temp(during) student sleigh 3rd.sg.OBL-DAT(towards) pastPart-come.preBF-3rd.sg ACC see.postBF-past-3rd.sg.

Tēməftək kystol bir sæxp-y-wzoɬ bośf liryśtyláfsō kiltsājáð.
student yard-postBF LOC(in) snow-(y)-wall.preBF LOC(near) contPart-stand.preBF stay.postBF-past-3rd.sg.

Haðyɬjáp byĺtōjáð buj belne keŕse ketse hæĺþ rimlestājáð.
3rd.sg.OBL-GEN shoulder.postBF-3rd.sg LOC(on) fat red small cougar sit.postBF-past-3rd.sg.

Hyɬðō þá byjðos yðeā haðyɬjáp byĺtōjáð śuj laśsláð tsuj,
cougar.postBF ACC ground.postBF DAT(to) 3rd.sg.OBL-GEN shoulder.postBF-3rd.sg OFF_FROM, pastGer-put_down.preBF-3rd.sg attempting,

jelyj hetað jyrnō beā kəwgyrám kiĺtsājáð hæĺþ tēməkaśftok
but that(3rd) place.postBF LOC(at) balanced stay.postBF-past-3rd.sg cougar teacher.postBF

ljáp kyrboɬ yðeā laśslymám kærbəɬ liryklybám kiĺtsājāð.
GEN sleigh.postBF DAT pastPart-look_at.preBF sleigh presPart-come.preBF stay.postBF-past-3rd.sg.

Kyrboɬ ljáp lirynrymáfsojáð brer, tēməftək tejget diŕktsājáð.
sleigh.postBF GEN prePart-approach.preBF-3rd.sg LOC, student worried become.postBF-past-3rd.sg.

Kyjáð sæxp-y-wzoɬ þá rixptsājáð, jelyj háð - her sewbek.
hand.postBF-3rd.sg snow-(y)-wall.preBF ACCtouch.postBF-post-3rd.sg, but 3rd.sg.NOM - very cold.

Hæĺþ bæþk-y-wroþ iðyr lajxtysáwlo tēməftək meĺte diŕktsājáð.
cougar study-(y)-bag.preBF INTO pastPart-crawl.preBF student calm become.postBF-past-3rd.

Dzáp tēməkaśftok ljáp kærbəɬ lajklybám,
Then teacher GEN sleigh pastPart-come.preBF,

hæĺþ kyn ljáp tyláð brer kəfbykám kiĺtsājáð.
cougar day.postBF GEN remainder.postBF-3rd.sg LOC.TEMP(during) amused stay.postBF-past-3rd.sg.

The story is about how a young man defeated the wintry blues.

In December, a pupil saw a sleigh coming towards him. The pupil was in a yard, standing near an embankment. There was a fat, red cat on his shoulder. He tried [to get] the cat down from his shoulder to the ground, but it stayed balanced there. It looked at the teacher's sleigh, which kept coming. As the sleigh approached, the pupil became anxious/worried. He continued to become really anxious worried. His hand touched the embankment, but (this was a cold winter) it was very cold. The cat climbed into his school bag and the pupil began to be calm. Then/next, the teacher's sleigh came, and the cat was amused during the rest of the day.

General Info
------------

Tæĺf can be classified so:
- SOV
- adjectives precede nouns
- postpositional

Tæĺf uses consonant stems as the basis for vocabulary building.  Because of this, word formation paradigms call for consonants A, B, C, etc.  For example, in the [particularly long, for sake of example] stem SFRNZ, consonant A is S, and consonant E is Z.

In the lexicon, most noun/verb/adjective citations are given as the stem with the citation form in ()s; other forms can be derived/identified in the next section on important forms.

See final comments.

Abbreviations
-------------
preBF = pre-bound form
postBF = post-bound form
NOM, ACC, GEN, LOC = nominative, accusative, locative cases
presPart, passGer, etc = present Participle, passive Gerund, etc


Important Forms
---------------

See note 4 (before 4a); applies generally to verbs as well.

Verbal participles/gerunds:
(see note 6)
- liry + preBF    present part/ger
- laj + preBF     past part/ger
- áwrə + preBF    future part/ger
- kə(/ke) + preBF passive or perfective part/ger
- kaj + preBF     causative part/ger

Verbal forms:
- citation form:
  - AáwB (AáfB)
  - AāBaCá
  - AāBaCáDī
  - AāBaCáDiE
- pre-bound form:
  - -AB
  - -AByCám / -AByCáp
  - -AByCá(w/f)Dō
  - -AByCá(w/f)DoE
- post-bound form:
  - A(ī/i)B-
  - AiBC-
  - AiBC(ē/e)D-
  - AiBCeDE-

Noun forms:
- citation form:
  - AæB(C(əD))
- pre-bound form:
  - -ABo(C(əD))
- post-bound form:
  - AyB-
  - AyBCō-
  - AyBC(ō/o)D-
- post-bound form 2 (denominal adjectives):
  - AeB(C(eD))
  - sometimes: AeBCe or AaBC

Final-bound pronouns:
    sg.   pl.
1st -o    -áwŋ
2nd -ás   -áfþ
3rd -áð   -áwn


Notes
-----

(1) - indicates a missing copula, although a copula would normally not come in the position - is found.  Normal word order in Tæĺf would be X Y COP, but when there's no copula, the order is X - Y.

(2) Because of the history of Tæĺf, many potentially confusing allophonic variations of consonants may exist:
- The following are quite common: l/ĺ/ɬ(/f), g/ɣ/k, k/x, (v/)b/p/w/f, r/ŕ, n/ń, j/ś, m/ḿ, n/ŋ́/g, z(/j), and a few others that are much less common
(2a) In addition, some other things should be taken into account:
- roots ending in h often won't show their h in certain forms, since h drops at the end of syllables after fricatives
- there are some vowel variations too, most of which shouldn't be too opaque, some of which may be typos.

(3) (quotatives, not in this relay)

(4) The post-bound form (postBF) of the noun is used to show that something slightly less salient than the noun follows it:
- for oblique case, after which case markers / postpositions follow
- postBF nouns can precede other nouns (which can change in form depending on the resulting noun phrase's use): e.g., music.postBF disc = music disc, disc of music.
(4a) Also, compound nouns don't have to use the post-bound form, and instead simply the citation form.  Alternatively, the 2nd noun can be in preBF.  In these instances, the filler vowel 'y' is often inserted between the nouns so that the phonology comes out okay.
(4b) Some compounds may not be semantically obvious, even in context; if there seems to be ambiguity, contact me and I will provide compounds as if they are pieces of the lexicon previously not included.

(5) (distributive prepositions, not in this relay)

(6) The use of participles and gerunds is restricted as follows:
(6a) Participles may be used in the following ways:
- with other verbs for various constructions (e.g. passParticiple + [put] = finite form of passive voice)
- as the main verb of a conjoined predicate (e.g. tea ACC drink.pastParticiple + bread ACC eat-past-1st.sg = Having drunk tea, I ate bread = I drank tea and ate bread)
- as ajdectives to modify [following] nouns or in a predicate
(6b) Gerunds can be used as follows:
- as a subject or predicate (with a copula (see note 1)) to make various other constructions (e.g. tea ACC drink.futureGerund-3rd.sg - tsuj = him drinking(fut) tea is-to-be-tried = he will try to drink tea)
- relative clauses (e.g. 3rd.sg tea ACC drink.pastGerund(-3rd.sg) ACC see-past-1st.sg = I saw his drinking(past) tea = I saw him drink tea)
- nouns

Final Comments - Contact me!
----------------------------

   As with any relay, if any questions come up, please contact me.  I realise the syntax may be difficult for people unfamiliar with SOV languages; again, all questions are welcome, especially if something Just Doesn't Make Sense--everything should come out fairly simple and should make sense at least outside the context of everything else (you know how relays can be...).
   I think I've sent everything that'll be necessary to tackle the relay.  However, if you think something's missing or typoed, or just generally would like/need futher information, contact me.  You can find further info on Tæĺf at http://wiki.firespeaker.org/Tæĺf currently, though it may not be of much use.
   If there are unicode issues, contact me.  I can easily provide pdf files which will present things as they're supposed to look.

== LEXEMES ==
-                   indicates missing copula (see note 1)
beā                   locative, at
belne               full; filled in/out; fat
bir                 in
bośf             near
brer                temporal locative, during, at the time of
buj                 on
DRK (dāraká)      become
DS (dæs)            moon, month
dzáp                then (after this/that)
FRL (færl)          story
FRL (fāralá)      say (archaic: recount)
háð                 s/he/it (3rd.sg.nom)
haðyɬjáp               his/her/its (3rd.sg.gen)
heńset               young
her                 very
het                 this (dem. 1st)
hetað               that (dem. 3rd)
hetas               that (dem. 2nd)
HLÐ (hæĺþ)           cougar (i.e. a cat-like creature that lives in the tysjetájn mountains)
iðyr                into
jelyj               but
jeśe             young
JRN (jærn)          place, location
JTLS (jātalásī)     stand
keŕke                sad
keŕse                red
ketse               small
KJ (kæj)            hand
KJ (káfś)            put
KL (kawl)           stay
KLV (kālabá)      come
KN (kæn)            sun; day
KRK (kæŕk)           sadness
KRVL (kærbəɬ)     sleigh/sled/sledge (any vehicle with runners instead of wheels)
KSTL (kæstəɬ)     courtyard, garden
KTSL (kātsalátī)    walk quietly, crawl, creep, (sometimes: slither)
ljáp                genitive ('s, of)
meĺte                quiet/silent, calm, peaceful, restful
mij                 instrumental (in X way)
nō                    what, which
NRMSJ (nāramásij) approach, walk/come/go towards/up to
RJ (ráfś)            see
RKV (rākabá)      touch, make contact with
RMLS (rāmalásī)     sit
sewbek              cold
SKV (sæxp)          snow
SL (sáwl)           put away/aside/out, remove, throw away/aside
SLM (sæɬm)         eye
SLM (sālamá)      look at
snáðē             instrumental (using X)
śuj                  off of / off from (away from on [top of])
tejget, kətsygáftō   worried
TJŊT (tājagátī)     worry (verb)
TL (tæɬ)               rest, remainder
tsuj                ~attempt (see verb.[tense]Gerund-pronoun + tsuj)
VGR (bāgará)      balance (sometimes: perch, as on a ledge)
VJÐS (bæjðəs)      world, earth, Earth/Pii
VLTJ (bæĺtoj)        shoulder
VRD (væŕt)           centre, middle
VRÞ (bæŕþ)           bag, sack, any other such container
VTK (bæþk)          that which is learned, studies (sometimes: knowledge, wisdom)
VTK (bātaká)      learn, study
VVK (bābaká)      amuse
VZL (bæjl)          wall
yðeā              dative, to, towards
ZLV (zæĺf)           winter
þá                  accusative
ÞNDK (þændək)      man, any male character/creature
ÞNDT (þændət)      woman, any female character/creature
ÞRFN (þæŕfən)       priest, any religious leader

== OTHER PATTERNS ==
futGerund + [come]
    verb tense: immediate future
futGerund + pronoun + [possible]
    [it is possible that] subject verb[s], subject['s] verb[ing is possible], subject [is able to / can] verb
futParticiple + [give]
    verb tense: future
verb.[tense]Gerund-pronoun + tsuj
    try to do something (see note 6b)
verb.citeF
    infinitival form
verb.postBF (+ j) + pronoun
    finite form, usually present tense
verb.postBF + (y +) tsā + j + pronoun
    past tense
tēmə + noun.postBF
    doer, agent; more generally, person whose job deals with noun
tēmə + verbform  
    doer, agent; more generally, person whose job consists of iterations of the verb form (be it a participle, preBF, or something else)
noun.citeF-[y-]noun.citeF
    compound noun phrase (see note 4a)
noun.citeF-[y-]noun.preBF
    compound noun phrase (see note 4a)
noun.postBF
    oblique (followed by cases/postpositions)
noun.postBF + (j +) pronoun
    possessed/ive form (i.e. pronoun's noun)
noun.postBF-[y-]noun.citeF
    compound noun phrase (see note 4a)
passParticiple + [put]
    finite form of passive voice
passParticiple + [stay]
    verb tense: [such a situation definitely exists], often with continuous aspect
presParticiple + [stay]
    verb tense: [such a situation exists], often with continuous aspect
laj + verb.preBF
    past gerund or participle (see note 2)
laj + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun
    past gerund
liry + verb.preBF
    present gerund or participle
liry + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun
    present gerund
kə (/ke) + verb.preBF
    passive participle
kaj + verb.preBF
    causative gerund or participle (see note 2)