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Ring B: 5/20: Tæĺf
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Jonathan North Washington
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Het færl - jeśe þændək zyɬbō kyŕkō
þá siɬ nāmyjáð ljáfstr.
Zyɬbo ljáp vyrdō ljáp dys brer tēmeftək
kærbəɬ haðyðēa lajklybámáð þá riśtsājáð.
Tēməftək kystol bir sæxp-y-wzoɬ bośf
liryśtyláfsō kiltsājáð. Haðyɬjáp
byĺtōjáð buj belne keŕse ketse hæĺþ
rimlestājáð. Hyɬðō þá byjðos yðeā
haðyɬjáp byĺtōjáð śuj laśsláð tsuj,
jelyj hetað jyrnō beā kəwgyrám kiĺtsājáð
hæĺþ tēməkaśftok ljáp kyrboɬ yðeā
laśslymám kærbəɬ liryklybám
kiĺtsājāð. Kyrboɬ ljáp lirynrymáfsojáð brer,
tēməftək tejget diŕktsājáð. Kyjáð
sæxp-y-wzoɬ þá rixptsājáð, jelyj háð - her sewbek.
Hæĺþ bæþk-y-wroþ iðyr lajxtysáwlo tēməftək
meĺte diŕktsājáð. Dzáp
tēməkaśftok ljáp kærbəɬ lajklybám,
hæĺþ kyn ljáp tyláð brer kəfbykám kiĺtsājáð.
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This story is about how a young man got rid of winter-sadness.
In a midwinter month, a student saw a sleigh coming towards him. The
student was standing in a yard near a wall of snow. On his shoulder
sat a fat, red small cougar. He tried to get the cougar down off his
shoulder to the ground, but it stayed balanced at that place. The
cougar looked at the teacher's sleigh, and the sleigh kept coming.
While the sleigh was approaching, the student became worried. His
hand touched the wall of snow, but it was very cold. The cougar
crawled quietly into the study bag and the student became calm. Then
the teacher's sleigh came, and the cougar remained amused for the rest
of the day.
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Het færl - jeśe þændək zyɬbō kyŕkō þá siɬ nāmyjáð ljáfstr.
this story - young man winter.postBF sadness.postBF ACC put_aside.postBF how-3rd.sg about
Zyɬbo ljáp vyrdō ljáp dys brer tēmeftək kærbəɬ haðyðēa lajklybámáð þá riśtsājáð.
winter.postBF GEN middle.postBF GEN month.postBF LOC-temp(during) student sleigh 3rd.sg.OBL-DAT(towards) pastPart-come.preBF-3rd.sg ACC see.postBF-past-3rd.sg.
Tēməftək kystol bir sæxp-y-wzoɬ bośf liryśtyláfsō kiltsājáð.
student yard-postBF LOC(in) snow-(y)-wall.preBF LOC(near) contPart-stand.preBF stay.postBF-past-3rd.sg.
Haðyɬjáp byĺtōjáð buj belne keŕse ketse hæĺþ rimlestājáð.
3rd.sg.OBL-GEN shoulder.postBF-3rd.sg LOC(on) fat red small cougar sit.postBF-past-3rd.sg.
Hyɬðō þá byjðos yðeā haðyɬjáp byĺtōjáð śuj laśsláð tsuj,
cougar.postBF ACC ground.postBF DAT(to) 3rd.sg.OBL-GEN shoulder.postBF-3rd.sg OFF_FROM, pastGer-put_down.preBF-3rd.sg attempting,
jelyj hetað jyrnō beā kəwgyrám kiĺtsājáð hæĺþ tēməkaśftok
but that(3rd) place.postBF LOC(at) balanced stay.postBF-past-3rd.sg cougar teacher.postBF
ljáp kyrboɬ yðeā laśslymám kærbəɬ liryklybám kiĺtsājāð.
GEN sleigh.postBF DAT pastPart-look_at.preBF sleigh presPart-come.preBF stay.postBF-past-3rd.sg.
Kyrboɬ ljáp lirynrymáfsojáð brer, tēməftək tejget diŕktsājáð.
sleigh.postBF GEN prePart-approach.preBF-3rd.sg LOC, student worried become.postBF-past-3rd.sg.
Kyjáð sæxp-y-wzoɬ þá rixptsājáð, jelyj háð - her sewbek.
hand.postBF-3rd.sg snow-(y)-wall.preBF ACCtouch.postBF-post-3rd.sg, but 3rd.sg.NOM - very cold.
Hæĺþ bæþk-y-wroþ iðyr lajxtysáwlo tēməftək meĺte diŕktsājáð.
cougar study-(y)-bag.preBF INTO pastPart-crawl.preBF student calm become.postBF-past-3rd.
Dzáp tēməkaśftok ljáp kærbəɬ lajklybám,
Then teacher GEN sleigh pastPart-come.preBF,
hæĺþ kyn ljáp tyláð brer kəfbykám kiĺtsājáð.
cougar day.postBF GEN remainder.postBF-3rd.sg LOC.TEMP(during) amused stay.postBF-past-3rd.sg.
The story is about how a young man defeated the wintry blues.
In December, a pupil saw a sleigh coming towards him. The pupil was
in a yard, standing near an embankment. There was a fat, red cat on
his shoulder. He tried [to get] the cat down from his shoulder to the
ground, but it stayed balanced there. It looked at the teacher's
sleigh, which kept coming. As the sleigh approached, the pupil became
anxious/worried. He continued to become really anxious worried. His
hand touched the embankment, but (this was a cold winter) it was very
cold. The cat climbed into his school bag and the pupil began to be
calm. Then/next, the teacher's sleigh came, and the cat was amused
during the rest of the day.
General Info
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Tæĺf can be classified so:
- SOV
- adjectives precede nouns
- postpositional
Tæĺf uses consonant stems as the basis for vocabulary building. Because of this, word formation paradigms call for consonants A, B, C, etc. For example, in the [particularly long, for sake of example] stem SFRNZ, consonant A is S, and consonant E is Z.
In the lexicon, most noun/verb/adjective citations are given as the stem with the citation form in ()s; other forms can be derived/identified in the next section on important forms.
See final comments.
Abbreviations
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preBF = pre-bound form
postBF = post-bound form
NOM, ACC, GEN, LOC = nominative, accusative, locative cases
presPart, passGer, etc = present Participle, passive Gerund, etc
Important Forms
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See note 4 (before 4a); applies generally to verbs as well.
Verbal participles/gerunds:
(see note 6)
- liry + preBF present part/ger
- laj + preBF past part/ger
- áwrə + preBF future part/ger
- kə(/ke) + preBF passive or perfective part/ger
- kaj + preBF causative part/ger
Verbal forms:
- citation form:
- AáwB (AáfB)
- AāBaCá
- AāBaCáDī
- AāBaCáDiE
- pre-bound form:
- -AB
- -AByCám / -AByCáp
- -AByCá(w/f)Dō
- -AByCá(w/f)DoE
- post-bound form:
- A(ī/i)B-
- AiBC-
- AiBC(ē/e)D-
- AiBCeDE-
Noun forms:
- citation form:
- AæB(C(əD))
- pre-bound form:
- -ABo(C(əD))
- post-bound form:
- AyB-
- AyBCō-
- AyBC(ō/o)D-
- post-bound form 2 (denominal adjectives):
- AeB(C(eD))
- sometimes: AeBCe or AaBC
Final-bound pronouns:
sg. pl.
1st -o -áwŋ
2nd -ás -áfþ
3rd -áð -áwn
Notes
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(1) - indicates a missing copula, although a copula would normally not come in the position - is found. Normal word order in Tæĺf would be X Y COP, but when there's no copula, the order is X - Y.
(2) Because of the history of Tæĺf, many potentially confusing allophonic variations of consonants may exist:
- The following are quite common: l/ĺ/ɬ(/f), g/ɣ/k, k/x, (v/)b/p/w/f, r/ŕ, n/ń, j/ś, m/ḿ, n/ŋ́/g, z(/j), and a few others that are much less common
(2a) In addition, some other things should be taken into account:
- roots ending in h often won't show their h in certain forms, since h drops at the end of syllables after fricatives
- there are some vowel variations too, most of which shouldn't be too opaque, some of which may be typos.
(3) (quotatives, not in this relay)
(4) The post-bound form (postBF) of the noun is used to show that something slightly less salient than the noun follows it:
- for oblique case, after which case markers / postpositions follow
- postBF nouns can precede other nouns (which can change in form depending on the resulting noun phrase's use): e.g., music.postBF disc = music disc, disc of music.
(4a) Also, compound nouns don't have to use the post-bound form, and instead simply the citation form. Alternatively, the 2nd noun can be in preBF. In these instances, the filler vowel 'y' is often inserted between the nouns so that the phonology comes out okay.
(4b) Some compounds may not be semantically obvious, even in context; if there seems to be ambiguity, contact me and I will provide compounds as if they are pieces of the lexicon previously not included.
(5) (distributive prepositions, not in this relay)
(6) The use of participles and gerunds is restricted as follows:
(6a) Participles may be used in the following ways:
- with other verbs for various constructions (e.g. passParticiple + [put] = finite form of passive voice)
- as the main verb of a conjoined predicate (e.g. tea ACC drink.pastParticiple + bread ACC eat-past-1st.sg = Having drunk tea, I ate bread = I drank tea and ate bread)
- as ajdectives to modify [following] nouns or in a predicate
(6b) Gerunds can be used as follows:
- as a subject or predicate (with a copula (see note 1)) to make various other constructions (e.g. tea ACC drink.futureGerund-3rd.sg - tsuj = him drinking(fut) tea is-to-be-tried = he will try to drink tea)
- relative clauses (e.g. 3rd.sg tea ACC drink.pastGerund(-3rd.sg) ACC see-past-1st.sg = I saw his drinking(past) tea = I saw him drink tea)
- nouns
Final Comments - Contact me!
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As with any relay, if any questions come up, please contact me. I realise the syntax may be difficult for people unfamiliar with SOV languages; again, all questions are welcome, especially if something Just Doesn't Make Sense--everything should come out fairly simple and should make sense at least outside the context of everything else (you know how relays can be...).
I think I've sent everything that'll be necessary to tackle the relay. However, if you think something's missing or typoed, or just generally would like/need futher information, contact me. You can find further info on Tæĺf at http://wiki.firespeaker.org/Tæĺf currently, though it may not be of much use.
If there are unicode issues, contact me. I can easily provide pdf files which will present things as they're supposed to look.
== LEXEMES ==
- indicates missing copula (see note 1)
beā locative, at
belne full; filled in/out; fat
bir in
bośf near
brer temporal locative, during, at the time of
buj on
DRK (dāraká) become
DS (dæs) moon, month
dzáp then (after this/that)
FRL (færl) story
FRL (fāralá) say (archaic: recount)
háð s/he/it (3rd.sg.nom)
haðyɬjáp his/her/its (3rd.sg.gen)
heńset young
her very
het this (dem. 1st)
hetað that (dem. 3rd)
hetas that (dem. 2nd)
HLÐ (hæĺþ) cougar (i.e. a cat-like creature that lives in the tysjetájn mountains)
iðyr into
jelyj but
jeśe young
JRN (jærn) place, location
JTLS (jātalásī) stand
keŕke sad
keŕse red
ketse small
KJ (kæj) hand
KJ (káfś) put
KL (kawl) stay
KLV (kālabá) come
KN (kæn) sun; day
KRK (kæŕk) sadness
KRVL (kærbəɬ) sleigh/sled/sledge (any vehicle with runners instead of wheels)
KSTL (kæstəɬ) courtyard, garden
KTSL (kātsalátī) walk quietly, crawl, creep, (sometimes: slither)
ljáp genitive ('s, of)
meĺte quiet/silent, calm, peaceful, restful
mij instrumental (in X way)
nō what, which
NRMSJ (nāramásij) approach, walk/come/go towards/up to
RJ (ráfś) see
RKV (rākabá) touch, make contact with
RMLS (rāmalásī) sit
sewbek cold
SKV (sæxp) snow
SL (sáwl) put away/aside/out, remove, throw away/aside
SLM (sæɬm) eye
SLM (sālamá) look at
snáðē instrumental (using X)
śuj off of / off from (away from on [top of])
tejget, kətsygáftō worried
TJŊT (tājagátī) worry (verb)
TL (tæɬ) rest, remainder
tsuj ~attempt (see verb.[tense]Gerund-pronoun + tsuj)
VGR (bāgará) balance (sometimes: perch, as on a ledge)
VJÐS (bæjðəs) world, earth, Earth/Pii
VLTJ (bæĺtoj) shoulder
VRD (væŕt) centre, middle
VRÞ (bæŕþ) bag, sack, any other such container
VTK (bæþk) that which is learned, studies (sometimes: knowledge, wisdom)
VTK (bātaká) learn, study
VVK (bābaká) amuse
VZL (bæjl) wall
yðeā dative, to, towards
ZLV (zæĺf) winter
þá accusative
ÞNDK (þændək) man, any male character/creature
ÞNDT (þændət) woman, any female character/creature
ÞRFN (þæŕfən) priest, any religious leader
== OTHER PATTERNS ==
futGerund + [come]
verb tense: immediate future
futGerund + pronoun + [possible]
[it is possible that] subject verb[s], subject['s] verb[ing is possible], subject [is able to / can] verb
futParticiple + [give]
verb tense: future
verb.[tense]Gerund-pronoun + tsuj
try to do something (see note 6b)
verb.citeF
infinitival form
verb.postBF (+ j) + pronoun
finite form, usually present tense
verb.postBF + (y +) tsā + j + pronoun
past tense
tēmə + noun.postBF
doer, agent; more generally, person whose job deals with noun
tēmə + verbform
doer, agent; more generally, person whose job consists of iterations of the verb form (be it a participle, preBF, or something else)
noun.citeF-[y-]noun.citeF
compound noun phrase (see note 4a)
noun.citeF-[y-]noun.preBF
compound noun phrase (see note 4a)
noun.postBF
oblique (followed by cases/postpositions)
noun.postBF + (j +) pronoun
possessed/ive form (i.e. pronoun's noun)
noun.postBF-[y-]noun.citeF
compound noun phrase (see note 4a)
passParticiple + [put]
finite form of passive voice
passParticiple + [stay]
verb tense: [such a situation definitely exists], often with continuous aspect
presParticiple + [stay]
verb tense: [such a situation exists], often with continuous aspect
laj + verb.preBF
past gerund or participle (see note 2)
laj + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun
past gerund
liry + verb.preBF
present gerund or participle
liry + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun
present gerund
kə (/ke) + verb.preBF
passive participle
kaj + verb.preBF
causative gerund or participle (see note 2)